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From testimony taken by the United States House of Representatives, inquiring into irregularities in the months leading up to the elections of 1876 in South Carolina:

RECENT ELECTION IN SOUTH CAROLINA (1876).

THE HAMBURGH SLAUGHTER.

It appears that the purpose was formed on the part of the democracy of South Carolina, notably in Aiken, Edgefield, and Barnwell Counties first, in the early summer of 1876, to use intimidation, force, and violence as means of carrying the election. In May and June threats were freely made by the democrats in these counties, and circulated among the republicans, to the effect that all those who voted the republican ticket would be driven off the lands of the democrats, and be refused employment, and that all leading republicans would be killed. These threat's were at first rather quietly and covertly made, but as time passed on they were more openly and boldly uttered, care being taken to express them to those who would circulate them, and that they should reach those most desired to be affected. These threats, at first, had little or no effect to frighten or to change the political sentiments of the colored republicans of those counties, and it therefore became necessary for the democracy to enter actively upon the program of violence. This was inaugurated at Hamburgh, a small town in Aiken County, on the bank of the Savannah River, opposite the city of Augusta, Ga., on the 8th day of July, 1876.There was a colored militia company in that town, organized under the laws of the State, containing about eighty-four men with guns furnished by the State, among the officers and men of which were intelligent and leading colored men. The destruction of this company was manifestly of the first importance, as its existence gave a sense of security to the colored republicans of that vicinity, and counteracted the effect of the democratic threats of violence. This company paraded on the 4th day of July, 1876, under the command of its officers, and went through various military maneuvers in the streets of Hamburgh. Among the observers of this parade were two white democrats, (as yet unknown to fame, but forever after to be,) by the names of HenryGetsen and Thomas Butler. They for a while sat in their buggy on one side of the street, observed
the maneuvers of the company, and then, when the company was marching in open order down the street, and near the center of it, started their course up the street with the view to drive through the midst of the company. Capt. D. L. Adams, colored, commanding the company, baited his men and expostulated with Getsen and Butler against their attempt to drive through the ranks of his company. They, Getsen and Butler, persisted in their purpose, although there was sufficient room to pass on one side, and Captain Adams, to prevent trouble, opened a passage through the company for them, and they passed through. The detention was but for a few moments, and was not, save perhaps in the matter of feeling, of the slightest consequence to Getsen and Butler, or to the militia company. But, as the destruction of the militia company was desired by democrats, it was determined to take advantage of the occurrence for that purpose. Accordingly, two or three days afterward a verbal complaint was made, not by said Getsen or Butler, but by R. J. Butler, father of Thomas Butler, and father-in-law of Getsen, to Prince Rivers, colored, trial justice at Hamburgh , against the officers of the militia company for obstructing the street on the above occasion. The trial justice issued a summons, not a warrant calling the officers before him to answer the charge. On the day of the proposed trial and final hearing, (the case having been on a former day partially inquired into and postponed,) appeared in Hamburgh, General M. O. Butler, of Edgefield County. At or about the same time there came into the village about one hundred white men, thoroughly armed with guns and pistols. This body of white men immediately gathered about General M. C.Butler, and submitted to his direction and control. General Butler first assumed to appear as the attorney of R. J. Butler, to prosecute the inquiry before Trial-Justice Rivers against the officers of the militia company. But the officers of the militia company, hearing of the threats against their lives, made by the white armed men surrounding General Butler, refused to appear before Trial-Justice Rivers for the purpose of further examination. At this stage of the proceedings, the farce begun before the trial-justice was abandoned, and Gen. M. O. Butler sent a demand to Capt. D. L. Adams to surrender to him the arms of his company. This demand was refused by Captain Adams, as General M. C. Butler had not in law a shadow of right to make the demand, and not a shadow of right to receive the guns if they bad been surrendered. Finally General Butler notified Captain Adams "that he was going to have the arms in fifteen minutes.'' Captain Adams replied, ''Then he (Butler) would have to take them by force." Thereupon General M. C. Butler commenced posting his men, now increased to several hundred, so as to command the brick building used as a drill-room and an armory by Captain Adams's company. Captain Adams and twenty-five members of his company had retired to this building. After General Butler had stationed his men he again sent word to Captain Adams that the time was up, and inquired if he was going to give the guns up: to which Captain Adams replied that he could not give them up; that he did not desire any fuss, and that he and his men bad gone out of the streets and into their hall for safety, and there they could remain." After this answer had been returned to General Butler, and sufficient time for its reception by him had transpired, his men, who were stationed behind the abutment of the South Carolina Railroad bridge, near by, opened fire on the
building occupied by Captain Adams and his company. They fired rapidly for about half an hour, and broke out nearly all the glass in the four windows in the front of the building.

In the meantime Captain Adams's men kept under cover, were not injured, and did not return the fire. About this time General Butler's men began apparently to close in about the brick armory, and Captain Adams gave orders to his men to fire on them. The firing on the part of Captain Adams was kept up irregularly for a short time, and till about dark. About midnight Captain Adams quietly withdrew his men from the brick building, with the intention of getting out of town and escaping. He succeeded in getting his men out of the building, and a part of them out of town, but part of them scattered off and hid themselves in various places in and about their houses. The escape from the brick building of Captain Adams's men was soon discovered by General Butler, and then a vigorous search was made for them, and for colored men generally. Some one or two were killed as they were found, but most that were captured were brought in and put under a strong guard. About two o'clock in the morning some twenty-five or thirty colored men, some of whom were members of the militia company and some not, had been found and brought in, and so placed under guard. The search being over, now came the slaughter. One by one they were taken out and deliberately shot to death. First, A.T. Attaway, lieutenant in Captain Adams's company, was so taken out and murdered. Then Dave Phillips was taken out and murdered. Next followed Pompey Curry, who, on being let loose, precipitately fled, was fired upon, and badly wounded, but escaped with his life. Next Hamp Stevens was taken out and murdered; and, following him, Alfred Minyard, or Minyon was killed. No more were killed out of these prisoners, though some were badly wounded. During the night two others were killed, namely, James Cook, town-marshal, and Moses Parkes . These brutal and causeless murders were clearly committed, as the testimony shows, to effect political ends, and as a part of the plan of the political campaign adopted by the democrats. The relation which General M.C. Butler, one of the most distinguished political leaders of the democratic party, sustained to these was made the subject of much evidence, and a reference to that is all that is deemed necessary now. Comment is unnecessary.

THE ELLENTON MASSACRE.

Silverton, in which is Ellenton, is a township in Aiken County, South Carolina, being about twenty-five miles from Hamburgh and about twenty-four miles from Aiken Court-House, and near the Savannah River. It is a fertile region and quite densely populated, the colored population being largely in the majority. During the spring and summer of 1876 nearly all the white democrats in the county were thoroughly armed and organized into bodies known commonly as "rifle-clubs." There were in this portion of the county a considerable number of quite intelligent colored republicans, and several republican clubs formed. The policy of intimidation, force, and violence to control the political action of republicans was announced by the white democrats in all this section in June, July, and August, and in substantially the same manner as was done prior to theHamburgh massacre. About the middle of September " the rifle-clubs'' from different portions of the county of Aiken, and also from the adjoining counties ofEdgefield and Barnwell, suddenly and evidently by concerted action, began to march toward and assemble at Silverton.

The number of white democrats armed and mounted thus assembled during September 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, and 20 was probably about eight or nine hundred. Colonel A. P. Butler, ofHamburgh , S. C, appears to have been in general command. Under him, and commanding "rifle-clubs'' and irregular bodies, were Angus P. Brown, Geo. W. Croft, Wallace Miller, Augustus White, Frank Green, O. N. Butler of Augusta, Ga., Alonzo Ashley, Warren Keenan, and many others.

The absurd pretext for this assemblage of armed men, as put forth by parties interested, was the reported assault on Mrs. Harley by one or two colored men, who are said to have entered the house of Alonzo Harley for the purpose of stealing. It was charged by Mrs. Harley that she was knocked down by one of these men, who fled on her rising and seizing a gun. The two colored men charged with this assault and attempt to steal were not recognized by Mrs. Harley or any one else at the time, although it occurred in broad daylight, in the forenoon of Friday, September 15, 1876. Suspicion fell upon a young colored man by the name of Peter Williams and another man named Frederick Pope. Three white men immediately started in search of Williams, found him in the house of Addison Hollywonger , (colored,) where he had been confined by sickness for several days with chills and fever, and, although so informed, they arrested him without warrant, and started for Alonzo Harley's house. On the way, and near there, they were met by Alonzo Harley, who commenced to curse and beat Williams, who, finding himself free and unprotected by his captors, started to run. Thereupon he was fired upon and badly wounded, from which wound he subsequently died. While yet alive he was taken in a cart to Harley's house to ascertain whether Mrs. Harley identified him as the man who had assaulted her. She, on seeing him, at once said he was not the man. The shooting of Peter Williams occurred about noon, or a little before, on Friday, September 15, 1876. On the evening of the same day a warrant was sworn out ''on information and belief by one Taville, before Trial-Justice Griffin, for the arrest of the said Peter Williams and Pope for the said assault on Mrs. Harley."

The "rifle-clubs" assembled in considerable force that afternoon at Matlock Church, near said Alonzo Harley's house, and were largely increased in numbers during the following day. Toward evening of Saturday, three of the companies of "rifle-clubs," thoroughly armed and mounted, moved down to Chevis's store, some three-fourths of a mile distant, where a republican colored club had, as usual on that day of the week, assembled, and for the purpose of breaking it up. The members of this club, hearing of the purpose of the rifle-clubs to attack and break them up, hastily adjourned before their arrival, though a few of them were still at Chevis's store when the rifle-clubs arrived. Those that still remained there were, with curses, notified to meet no more by Captain Angus Brown, who commanded the rifle-club in the advance. There was much cursing, and many threats of violence were made on the part of members of the "rifle-clubs " toward the republicans in case they should meet again, and it was promised on the part of the members present that they would not meet again. Some effort was made by members of the rifle-club to then and there attack the few colored men found, but it was finally said by the whites. There were not enough of them for a riot. These three companies passed down the road by the store, and during the evening returned and went into camp at Matlock Church.

On the following (Sunday) morning the rifle-clubs, under the command of A. P. Butler, marched to Rouse's Bridge, a point some four miles distant from Matlock Church. Here they found a considerable number of colored people assembled, some to attend church, and others for mutual consultation on account of the rumored purpose of the "rifle-clubs" to attack them. The "rifle-clubs'' halted on the high ground, about half a mile from the bridge, and sent messengers to the colored people at the bridge, under the pretense of desiring a "compromise" with them. While the parley was being held several members of the rifle-clubs fired upon colored men who happened near them, mortally wounding one, Henry Campbell, and severely wounding several others.The colored men thus shot were all republicans. After much delay there, and upon the repeated assurance of the colored people that they desired no disturbance, and that they were seeking only safety in the swamp near the bridge, the "rifle-clubs," toward evening, fell back and marched toward Union Bridge, a point some six miles distant. Here a detachment of some twenty or twenty-five men, under the command of Capt. Robert Dunbar, fired upon a small party of colored men, killing one, Basil Bryant, alias Basil Bush, and wounding several others. On the following morning, one of those wounded, Wilkins Hamilton, was found in his cabin and deliberately shot to death by some of the members of the rifle-clubs. Early on Monday morning, and during the day, the "rifle-clubs” were moving in various directions, murdering colored republicans. Kit Finnissee was shot in the morning and killed by a company or detachment under Capt. Angelo P. Brown, near the Station, on the Port Royal Railroad. Col. A. P. Butler was at the time present with this detachment, and ordered him shot. The colored men were there fired upon but escaped. Another detachment came upon five colored men in the cabin of Judah Kelsey, who had come in out of the swamp for their dinners, and murdered three of them, and tried to kill all of them, but the other two escaped by running. Here were killed David Bush, Sam Brown, and Warren Kelsey. Another detachment, numbering several hundred, with which at the time, near evening, was Col. A. P. Butler, near Ellenton Station, on the Port Royal Railroad, shot and killed John Kelsey. Many other colored men were here seen and fired upon, but escaped with their lives, also several colored men were taken prisoners and threatened with death, but were not murdered on their promising not to vote the republican ticket. During Monday night, September 18, Col. A. P. Butler with a large portion of his command, about five hundred men, suddenly turned back from Ellenton Station upon Rouse's Bridge, some seven miles distant, and was there ready to attack the republicans on the morning of Tuesday, September 19, 1876. In consequence of the movement of the rifle-clubs, about seventy-five or one hundred colored republicans had been driven into this part of the swamp, where they were practically surrounded. In the councils of the rifle-clubs it had been determined that all these colored men in the swamp should be killed. For this purpose Colonel Butler's forces were put in line of battle, with a skirmish-line thrown out, and the order to advance into the swamp had been given, and his command was in motion, and firing by the skirmishers on the republicans had commenced, when a detachment of United States troops, under command of Captain Lloyd and Lieutenant Hinton, arrived on the scene from Aiken Court-House and prevented the massacre. These colored men in the swamp and thus surrounded were nearly all without any weapons of defense at all, though a few, fifteen or twenty, had shotguns, but were without ammunition, and hence were wholly at the mercy of the rifle-clubs. The members of the rifle-clubs openly declared in the presence of the United States troops that it was their intention to have killed the last one of them, and they expressed the greatest disgust at the interference of the United States troops. There is no doubt that a fearful slaughter would have taken place but for the timely interference of the troops. Upon a parley held between Captain Lloyd and Col. A.P. Butler and his officers it was agreed that the rifle-clubs should disperse and return quietly to their homes, and that the colored men would go peaceably to theirs. This arrangement was most thankfully received by the colored people, who were wild with joy at their unexpected deliverance. Pursuant to the arrangement made by Captain Lloyd, the rifle-clubs began to disperse, but continued their murderous work upon the colored men on their way home. One party, after it left House's Bridge, shot and killed Abram Hammond, alias Abram Blake, an old colored man past eighty years of age, who was quietly and innocently standing near the road when they passed. His body was riddled with bullets. Another party, consisting of two or three hundred, at Ellenton Station, having captured Simon Coker, a leading republican and member of the State legislature, deliberately took him out and shot him to death. Capt. O. N. Butler, (so-called,) of Augusta, Ga., commanded the firing-party, and he himself shot him with his revolver. Subsequently, on the same day, the rifle-clubs, about two miles below Ellenton Station, captured two other colored republicans, William Gooden and George Turner, and deliberately shot them to death. In the day following (Wednesday) Alonzo Ashley's company, under his command, in the edge of Barnwell County, captured a leading colored republican named Edward W. Bush, finding him in his own house, and took him out a few rods from his door, and there, in full view of his family and friends, shot him to death. Many other colored republicans were killed in Barnwell, Edgefield, and Laurens Counties about this time by the rifle-clubs, or members of those organizations, and under similar circumstances to those above narrated. The whole number killed in Aiken and Barnwell Counties alone, at this time, is estimated at between thirty and forty, and about the same number were wounded. There is no evidence that a single white man was injured by a colored man throughout the whole affair. Two white men were killed; one in a quarrel with his fellow, the other shot and killed in the dark near his own home by an unknown person. The bare statement of the foregoing facts is sufficient. They shock every sentiment of humanity and justice, and call for the interposition of the strong arm of the Government to protect the rights and lives of our recently enfranchised fellow citizens.

Copyright © 2004 Ted Borgeas, All Rights Reserved Ted Borgeas, Author, 35 years Self-Coaching Yourself. Helps people get insight on Career & Life's Transitions. E-zine: > SELF-COACHING YOUR INTELLIGENCES. E-mail: > ted@atborgeas.com website: www.atborgeas.com Phone: 619-235-9393, PO Box, 3022, La Jolla, CA 92038-3022,

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Beyond the Hype! Aren't you really in Partnership with Yourself?

Most of us think of partnerships as being a two-way street that is with another person or an entity. I am referring to partnership within yourself. What better partner can you get to know, understand and trust than yourself?

Here are some criteria that may help improve your Self- Partnership.

1. "If you don't know who you are you or where you're going, any path will take you there". Sioux Proverb

'Men don't change. The only thing new in the world is the history you don't know.' Harry Truman, American President

'I'm an idealist: I don't know where I'm going but I'm on my way.' Carl Sandburg, American poet.

The better you understand your vision as to what you want the better your partner will cooperate. It would be easier for your partner to follow your road map than to try to think and guess what's on your mind.

"The first rule for any successful strategy is to think." EvanDudik

2. 'The toughest thing about success is that you've got to keep on being a success.' Irving Berlin, American Composer, Theater arts 1958

If you're going to partner in a successful way you better have commitments, trusts, distinct understandings, and clear picture of your plans.

"The best way to have a good idea is to have a lot of ideas." Linus Pauling

3. 'Genius is that superior alchemy that changes the vices of nature into the elements of destiny' Pierre Emmanuel (Noel Mathieu) French writer, Buadelaire.

The old storyboard technique of Walt Disney as explained by Mike Vance, of placing all of the animations and succession on the wall may not be a bad idea so your partner can see what you're thinking. This technique of sequential picturing will stimulate other ideas.

4. Stick to your knitting", Tom Peters

' Generally, the theories we believe we call facts and the facts we disbelieve we call theories.' Felix Cohen.

If you're going to be innovative with your partner you better have a better understanding his or her limitations and perceptions. Don't create a losing situation with false and unreal expectations.

5. Always think down board" Carl Segan

'Creativity in science could be described as the act of putting two and two together to make five.' Arthur Koestler, British Philosopher, The Act of Creation.

Don't try to out guess your partner. This isn't a chess game it is a sharing game. Have a clear understanding of the shot and long-term goals. In order to understand your partner better and how he or she reacts, initiate more short-term goals and see that response from the partner.

6. Tell me and I will forget; shown me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand." Chinese proverb

"Give a man of fish and he eats today. Teach him how to fish and he will never go hungry."

In order to become empowered with confidence it is a matter of sharing responsibilities and delegation. Since you must take equal risks that your partner then it behooves each of the share all experiences. This includes the trauma and rewards.

7. A desk is a dangerous place from which to watch the world" John LeCarre

'Basic research is when I'm doing what I don't know I'm doing.' Wernher Von Braun, German Scientist, in The Faber Book of Aphorisms, 1964

Don't get stuck behind the desk or you'll lose total contact with your partner's world.

8. I have a dream" Martin Luther King

' A creative person needs a certain amount of insecurity to maintain that fine edge. You don't have any control over it.' Walter Egan, American rock musician.

Are you in sync with the dreams, visions, innovations, creativity, expectations, perceptions, strategies and a host of other thoughts of your partner?

9. No organization functions in a vacuum" Leonnd Goodstein

' It is explained that all relationships require a little give and take. This is untrue. Any partnership demands that we give and give and give and at the last, as we flop into our grave exhausted, we are told that we didn't give enough.' Quinten Crsip, Bristish writer, How To Become a Virgin 1981.

In a world of desensitization and the dehumanizing of human contact you better have direct contact and understanding in person with your partner. The competition is vicious and evasive enough without creating the feeling of isolation with in the partner

10. Timing has a lot to do with the outcome of a rain dance" unknown

' Time is a circus always packing up and moving away.' Ben Hecht, American screenwriter.

We have heard the comment location, location, location. There's also the concept of timing and timing. This is critical in a global transitional exploding world of change. Change is so dramatic and quick that strategic partnerships must be in total command and responsive mode at a moment's notice.

If this criteria frightens you this is the first positive step towards successful partnerships with yourself.

"Most of us live in a cage and if we are lucky we can reach out beyond the bars and touch somebody" Marcus Aurelius

How did this stimulate a business? Continuous division and multiplication of meanings stimulates innovation. How? Instead of sticking to the one definition given to a word you allow the expansion in your thinking and stimulate the entrepreneurial creativity within you.

One company grew and divided rapidly used this technique which allowed each separate division to become ultimately independent. To set it's own business format instead of one prescribed formula, used by the parent company. After all one formula for success does not fit everything.

A second concept of smallness was to allow room for rapid advancement and managerial growth, further stimulating enterprise.

A third concept was keep departments small and sharpened to one direction and activity or product. This allowed for closer relationships with management, workers and customers, instead of a massive over burdened corporation.

Then finally a fourth premise was the distribution of authority. Instead of having to go to a hierarchy as in some corporations it is was only confined to this separate company. This avoided inter-company factions and competition since it was a separate entity free to compete in an open market, thus no inter-departmental or division rivalry or even envy. The interesting point is when this separate company expanded then a new cell company was formed from the main component, thus the continuous process of cell division.

About the author: Ted Borgeas, Author, 35 years Self-Coaching Yourself. Helps people get insight on Career & Life's Transitions. E-zine: SELF-COACHING YOUR INTELLIGENCES. E-mail:ted@atborgeas.com website: www.atborgeas.com Phone: 619-235-9393, PO Box, 3022, La Jolla, CA 92038-3022,